INTRODUCTION:

Water plays a vital role in human life. The urbanization and industrialization leads to spoil the water, for agricultural purposes ground water is explored in rural areas. Human activity spoil or get polluted the ground water during the last decade.

The present work is an attempt to examine the water quality of various ground and drinking water sources and comparison with the World Health Organization water quality standards.

Most ground water quality problems are difficult to detect and hard to resolve. The problem of ground water pollution in several parts of the country has become so acute that it is necessary to take the urgent steps for detailed identification and abatement otherwise extensive ground water resources may be damaged. Hydrological, Physical, Chemical and Biological factors affect the the quality of ground water . The water used for drinking purpose should be free from any toxic elements, living and nonliving organism and excessive amount of minerals that may be hazardous to health.

The present study was aimed to study the effect of groundwater quality due to rapid urbanization, industrialization and unscientific way of dumping of solid waste (municipal solid waste and industrial waste). Five different locations in Bhilai citiy were selected in the present study, in all location , the drinking water has been supplied through hand pumps .

EXPERIMENTAL:

Study Area

Bhilai is located at 21.22°N 81.43°E. It has an average elevation of 293 m (961 ft). The city is located 22 km west of the capital Raipur on the Howrah–Mumbai rail line and National Highway 6. Bhilai is famous for its integrated Steel Plant, which is one of the largest steel plants in India.

Method of sampling and analysis:

All the sampling and analysis work carried out as per APHA methods of analysis. For monitoring purpose, five location were selected in Bhilai City. locations covering residential areas, Industrial areas and municipal waste dumpsites, samples were collected from, hand pumps in each area. The water is used for drinking and domestic purpose. The details of the monitoring locations are shown in Figure-1.

pH were measured at sample site immediately after collection of the sample. Electrical Conductivity values were measured using Elico CM 180 Conductivity Bridge. All the chemicals used were of AR grade.

Fig.1: Different Sampling Area in Bhilai City

(I-Industrian, R- Residential, MSW Municipal Solid Waste Dump Site)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Five ground water samples from different location of Bhilai City were collected during 21-24 September 2013 from various ground water sources. Collected two samples each in residential, industrial area and near municipal solid waste dumpsites .and different parameters are given in Table:1

Table:1 Different Parameters for Ground Water Quality

S. No.	Location	pH	EC	TDS	Turbidity	SO₄^2-	Cl^-
1	I (1)	7.30	634	242	1.5	26.07	62.48
2	I (2)	7.82	925	310	1.4	14.68	19.91
3	R(1)	7.90	614	349	1.3	6.89	34.56
4	R (2)	7.59	545	210	1.5	5.49	37.56
5	MSW	7.92	539	255	1.6	35.56	54.46

I- Industrian, R- Residential, MSW Municipal Solid Waste Dump Site

All the values are in mg/l, except pH and EC. Units of EC are mhose/cm

pH:

The pH values in the ground water at all the area of Bhilai city are mostly confined within the range 7.30 to 7.92 The pH value was found 7.30 and 7.82 in Industrial area and 7.90 and 7.59 in Residential area and 7.92 in MSW area. The pH values for most of the samples are well within the limits prescribed by BIS (1991) and WHO (1996) for various uses of water including drinking and other domestic supplies.

Conductivity:

The measurement of electrical conductivity is directly related to the concentration of ionized substance in water and may also be related to problems of excessive hardness and/or other mineral contamination. The conductivity values in the ground water samples varied widely from 534 to 925 mhos/cm. The maximum conductivity value of 925 mhose/cm was observed at I (2) and the minimum value of 545 mg/l was found at MSW .

TDS:

The TDS values were found in between 210-249 mg/l . The desirable limit for TDS in drinking water is 500 mg/l and permissible limit is 2000 mg/l. The observed values for TDS at all locations were found beyond the desirable limit

Chloride:

The concentration of chloride varies from 19.91 to 62.48 mg/L. in all the area Cl^-within the desirable limit of 250 mg/L. A limit of 250 mg/L chloride has been recommended as desirable limit and 1000 mg/L as the permissible limit for drinking water (BIS, 1991; WHO, 1996).

Sulphate:

The sulphate content varies seasonally. The sulphate content in ground water generally occurs as soluble salts of calcium, magnesium and sodium. The concentration of sulphate in the city varied from 5.49 to 35.56 mg/L. Bureau of Indian standard has prescribed 200 mg/L as the desirable limit and 400 mg/L as the permissible limit for sulphate in drinking water. MSW area’s values are higher than the industrial and residential locations but all the samples analyzed were within the desirable limit of 200 mg/L.

Fig.2: Different Parameters for Ground Water Quality

CONCLUSION:

According to WHO, nearly 80% of all the diseases in human beings are caused by water The water quality parameters of the various areas of some area in Bhilai are beyond the permissible limit due to contamination quality is not bad for drinking purpose. After purification treatment only this water can be used for drinking. Drinking water pollution in the studied area should be controlled by the proper environment management plan to maintain proper health conditions of people.

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